Contents
Preface xv
Acknowledgements xix
Abbreviations xxi
1 Introduction 1
Harri Holma, Antti Toskala and Ukko Lappalainen
1.1 WCDMA in Third Generation Systems 1
1.2 Air Interfaces and Spectrum Allocations for Third Generation Systems 2
1.3 Schedule for Third Generation Systems 5
1.4 Differences between WCDMA and Second Generation Air Interfaces 6
1.5 Core Networks and Services 9
References 10
2 UMTS Services and Applications 11
Harri Holma, Martin Kristensson, Jouni Salonen and Antti Toskala
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 Person-to-Person Circuit Switched Services 12
2.2.1 AMR Speech Service 12
2.2.2 Video Telephony 15
2.3 Person-to-Person Packet Switched Services 17
2.3.1 Images and Multimedia 17
2.3.2 Push-to-Talk over Cellular (PoC) 19
2.3.3 Voice over IP (VoIP) 21
2.3.4 Multiplayer Games 22
2.4 Content-to-person Services 23
2.4.1 Browsing 23
2.4.2 Audio and Video Streaming 25
2.4.3 Content Download 25
2.4.4 Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service, MBMS 26
2.5 Business Connectivity 28
2.6 IP Multimedia Sub-system, IMS 30
2.7 Quality of Service Differentiation 31
2.8 Capacity and Cost of Service Delivery 37
2.8.1 Capacity per Subscriber 37
2.8.2 Cost of Capacity Delivery 38
2.9 Service Capabilities with Different Terminal Classes 40
2.10 Location Services in WCDMA 40
2.10.1 Location Services 40
2.10.2 Cell Coverage Based Location Calculation 41
2.10.3 Observed Time Difference Of Arrival, OTDOA 42
2.10.4 Assisted GPS 44
References 45
3 Introduction to WCDMA 47
Peter Muszynski and Harri Holma
3.1 Introduction 47
3.2 Summary of the Main Parameters in WCDMA 47
3.3 Spreading and Despreading 49
3.4 Multipath Radio Channels and Rake Reception 52
3.5 Power Control 55
3.6 Softer and Soft Handovers 58
References 60
4 Background and Standardisation of WCDMA 61
Antti Toskala
4.1 Introduction 61
4.2 Background in Europe 61
4.2.1 Wideband CDMA 62
4.2.2 Wideband TDMA 63
4.2.3 Wideband TDMA/CDMA 63
4.2.4 OFDMA 64
4.2.5 ODMA 64
4.2.6 ETSI Selection 64
4.3 Background in Japan 65
4.4 Background in Korea 65
4.5 Background in the United States 66
4.5.1 W-CDMA N/A 66
4.5.2 UWC-136 66
4.5.3 cdma2000 66
4.5.4 TR46.1 67
4.5.5 WP-CDMA 67
4.6 Creation of 3GPP 67
4.7 How does 3GPP Operate? 69
4.8 Creation of 3GPP2 70
4.9 Harmonisation Phase 70
vi WCDMA for UMTS
4.10 IMT-2000 Process in ITU 70
4.11 Beyond 3GPP Release ’99 72
References 73
5 Radio Access Network Architecture 75
Fabio Longoni, Atte La¨nsisalmi and Antti Toskala
5.1 System Architecture 75
5.2 UTRAN Architecture 78
5.2.1 The Radio Network Controller 79
5.2.2 The Node B (Base Station) 80
5.3 General Protocol Model for UTRAN Terrestrial Interfaces 80
5.3.1 General 80
5.3.2 Horizontal Layers 80
5.3.3 Vertical Planes 81
5.4 Iu, the UTRAN–CN Interface 82
5.4.1 Protocol Structure for Iu CS 82
5.4.2 Protocol Structure for Iu PS 84
5.4.3 RANAP Protocol 85
5.4.4 Iu User Plane Protocol 86
5.4.5 Protocol Structure of Iu BC, and the SABP Protocol 87
5.5 UTRAN Internal Interfaces 88
5.5.1 RNC–RNC Interface (Iur Interface) and the RNSAP Signalling 88
5.5.2 RNC–Node B Interface and the NBAP Signalling 91
5.6 UTRAN Enhancements and Evolution 93
5.6.1 IP Transport in UTRAN 93
5.6.2 Iu Flex 93
5.6.3 Stand Alone SMLC and Iupc Interface 94
5.6.4 Interworking between GERAN and UTRAN, and the Iur-g Interface 94
5.6.5 All IP RAN Concept 94
5.7 UMTS Core Network Architecture and Evolution 95
5.7.1 Release ’99 Core Network Elements 95
5.7.2 Release 5 Core Network and IP Multimedia Sub-system 96
References 98
6 Physical Layer 99
Antti Toskala
6.1 Introduction 99
6.2 Transport Channels and their Mapping to the Physical Channels 100
6.2.1 Dedicated Transport Channel 101
6.2.2 Common Transport Channels 101
6.2.3 Mapping of Transport Channels onto the Physical Channels 103
6.2.4 Frame. Structure of Transport Channels 104
6.3 Spreading and Modulation 104
6.3.1 Scrambling 104
Contents vii
6.3.2 Channelisation Codes 105
6.3.3 Uplink Spreading and Modulation 105
6.3.4 Downlink Spreading and Modulation 110
6.3.5 Transmitter Characteristics 113
6.4 User Data Transmission 114
6.4.1 Uplink Dedicated Channel 114
6.4.2 Uplink Multiplexing 117
6.4.3 User Data Transmission with the Random Access Channel 119
6.4.4 Uplink Common Packet Channel 120
6.4.5 Downlink Dedicated Channel 120
6.4.6 Downlink Multiplexing 122
6.4.7 Downlink Shared Channel 124
6.4.8 Forward Access Channel for User Data Transmission 125
6.4.9 Channel Coding for User Data 126
6.4.10 Coding for TFCI Information 127
6.5 Signalling 127
6.5.1 Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) 127
6.5.2 Synchronisation Channel (SCH) 128
6.5.3 Primary Common Control Physical Channel (Primary CCPCH) 128
6.5.4 Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (Secondary CCPCH) 130
6.5.5 Random Access Channel (RACH) for Signalling Transmission 131
6.5.6 Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH) 131
6.5.7 Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) 131
6.5.8 Physical Channels for the CPCH Access Procedure 132
6.6 Physical Layer Procedures 133
6.6.1 Fast Closed Loop Power Control Procedure 133
6.6.2 Open Loop Power Control 134
6.6.3 Paging Procedure 134
6.6.4 RACH Procedure 135
6.6.5 CPCH Operation 136
6.6.6 Cell Search Procedure 137
6.6.7 Transmit Diversity Procedure 138
6.6.8 Handover Measurements Procedure 139
6.6.9 Compressed Mode Measurement Procedure 140
6.6.10 Other Measurements 142
6.6.11 Operation with Adaptive Antennas 143
6.6.12 Site Selection Diversity Transmission 144
6.7 Terminal Radio Access Capabilities 145
References 148
7 Radio Interface Protocols 149
Jukka Viale´n and Antti Toskala
7.1 Introduction 149
7.2 Protocol Architecture 149
7.3 The Medium Access Control Protocol 151
viii WCDMA for UMTS
7.3.1 MAC Layer Architecture 151
7.3.2 MAC Functions 152
7.3.3 Logical Channels 153
7.3.4 Mapping Between Logical Channels and Transport Channels 154
7.3.5 Example Data Flow Through the MAC Layer 154
7.4 The Radio Link Control Protocol 155
7.4.1 RLC Layer Architecture 156
7.4.2 RLC Functions 157
7.4.3 Example Data Flow Through the RLC Layer 158
7.5 The Packet Data Convergence Protocol 160
7.5.1 PDCP Layer Architecture 160
7.5.2 PDCP Functions 161
7.6 The Broadcast/Multicast Control Protocol 161
7.6.1 BMC Layer Architecture 161
7.6.2 BMC Functions 161
7.7 Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service 162
7.8 The Radio Resource Control Protocol 164
7.8.1 RRC Layer Logical Architecture 164
7.8.2 RRC Service States 165
7.8.3 RRC Functions and Signalling Procedures 168
7.9 Early UE Handling Principles 183
References 183
8 Radio Network Planning 185
Harri Holma, Zhi-Chun Honkasalo, Seppo Ha¨ma¨la¨inen, Jaana Laiho,
Kari Sipila¨ and Achim Wacker
8.1 Introduction 185
8.2 Dimensioning 186
8.2.1 Radio Link Budgets 187
8.2.2 Load Factors 190
8.2.3 Capacity Upgrade Paths 202
8.2.4 Capacity per km2 203
8.2.5 Soft Capacity 204
8.2.6 Network Sharing 207
8.3 Capacity and Coverage Planning and Optimisation 208
8.3.1 Iterative Capacity and Coverage Prediction 208
8.3.2 Planning Tool 209
8.3.3 Case Study 210
8.3.4 Network Optimisation 214
8.4 GSM Co-planning 217
8.5 Inter-operator Interference 219
8.5.1 Introduction 219
8.5.2 Uplink vs. Downlink Effects 220
8.5.3 Local Downlink Interference 221
8.5.4 Average Downlink Interference 223
Contents ix
8.5.5 Path Loss Measurements 223
8.5.6 Solutions to Avoid Adjacent Channel Interference 225
8.6 WCDMA Frequency Variants 226
8.6.1 Introduction 226
8.6.2 Differences Between Frequency Variants 226
8.6.3 WCDMA1900 in an Isolated 5 MHz Block 228
References 229
9 Radio Resource Management 231
Harri Holma, Klaus Pedersen, Jussi Reunanen, Janne Laakso and Oscar Salonaho
9.1 Interference-Based Radio Resource Management 231
9.2 Power Control 232
9.2.1 Fast Power Control 232
9.2.2 Outer Loop Power Control 239
9.3 Handovers 245
9.3.1 Intra-frequency Handovers 245
9.3.2 Inter-system Handovers Between WCDMA and GSM 254
9.3.3 Inter-frequency Handovers within WCDMA 258
9.3.4 Summary of Handovers 259
9.4 Measurement of Air Interface Load 261
9.4.1 Uplink Load 261
9.4.2 Downlink Load 263
9.5 Admission Control 264
9.5.1 Admission Control Principle 264
9.5.2 Wideband Power-Based Admission Control Strategy 265
9.5.3 Throughput-Based Admission Control Strategy 267
9.6 Load Control (Congestion Control) 267
References 268
10 Packet Scheduling 269
Jeroen Wigard, Harri Holma, Renaud Cuny, Nina Madsen, Frank Frederiksen
and Martin Kristensson
10.1 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 269
10.2 Round Trip Time 276
10.3 User-specific Packet Scheduling 278
10.3.1 Common Channels (RACH/FACH) 279
10.3.2 Dedicated Channel (DCH) 280
10.3.3 Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH) 282
10.3.4 Uplink Common Packet Channel (CPCH) 282
10.3.5 Selection of Transport Channel 282
10.3.6 Paging Channel States 286
10.4 Cell-specific Packet Scheduling 286
10.4.1 Priorities 288
10.4.2 Scheduling Algorithms 289
x WCDMA for UMTS
10.4.3 Packet Scheduler in Soft Handover 289
10.5 Packet Data System Performance 291
10.5.1 Link Level Performance 291
10.5.2 System Level Performance 292
10.6 Packet Data Application Performance 294
10.6.1 Introduction to Application Performance 295
10.6.2 Person-to-person Applications 296
10.6.3 Content-to-person Applications 300
10.6.4 Business Connectivity 302
10.6.5 Conclusions on Application Performance 305
References 306
11 High-speed Downlink Packet Access 307
Antti Toskala, Harri Holma, Troels Kolding, Preben Mogensen,
Klaus Pedersen and Karri Ranta-aho
11.1 Release ’99 WCDMA Downlink Packet Data Capabilities 307
11.2 HSDPA Concept 308
11.3 HSDPA Impact on Radio Access Network Architecture 310
11.4 Release 4 HSDPA Feasibility Study Phase 311
11.5 HSDPA Physical Layer Structure 311
11.5.1 High-speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH) 312
11.5.2 High-speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH) 315
11.5.3 Uplink High-speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel
(HS-DPCCH) 317
11.5.4 HSDPA Physical Layer Operation Procedure 318
11.6 HSDPA Terminal Capability and Achievable Data Rates 320
11.7 Mobility with HSDPA 321
11.7.1 Measurement Event for Best Serving HS-DSCH Cell 322
11.7.2 Intra-Node B HS-DSCH to HS-DSCH Handover 322
11.7.3 Inter-Node B HS-DSCH to HS-DSCH Handover 323
11.7.4 HS-DSCH to DCH Handover 324
11.8 HSDPA Performance 326
11.8.1 Factors Governing Performance 326
11.8.2 Spectral Efficiency, Code Efficiency and Dynamic Range 326
11.8.3 User Scheduling, Cell Throughput and Coverage 330
11.8.4 HSDPA Network Performance with Mixed Non-HSDPA
and HSDPA Terminals 334
11.9 Terminal Receiver Aspects 337
11.10 Evolution Beyond Release 5 338
11.10.1 Multiple Receiver and Transmit Antenna Techniques 338
11.10.2 High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) 339
11.11 Conclusion 344
References 345
Contents xi
12 Physical Layer Performance 347
Harri Holma, Jussi Reunanen, Leo Chan, Preben Mogensen,
Klaus Pedersen, Kari Horneman, Jaakko Vihria¨la¨ and Markku Juntti
12.1 Introduction 347
12.2 Cell Coverage 347
12.2.1 Uplink Coverage 350
12.2.2 Downlink Coverage 354
12.3 Downlink Cell Capacity 360
12.3.1 Downlink Orthogonal Codes 360
12.3.2 Downlink Transmit Diversity 365
12.3.3 Downlink Voice Capacity 367
12.4 Capacity Trials 369
12.4.1 Single Cell Capacity Trials 369
12.4.2 Multicell Capacity Trials 383
12.4.3 Summary 385
12.5 3GPP Performance Requirements 387
12.5.1 Eb=N0 Performance 387
12.5.2 RF Noise Figure 390
12.6 Performance Enhancements 391
12.6.1 Smart Antenna Solutions 391
12.6.2 Multiuser Detection 398
References 407
13 UTRA TDD Modes 411
Antti Toskala, Harri Holma, Otto Lehtinen and Heli Va¨a¨ta¨ja¨
13.1 Introduction 411
13.1.1 Time Division Duplex (TDD) 411
13.1.2 Differences in the Network Level Architecture 413
13.2 UTRA TDD Physical Layer 413
13.2.1 Transport and Physical Channels 414
13.2.2 Modulation and Spreading 415
13.2.3 Physical Channel Structures, Slot and Frame. Format 415
13.2.4 UTRA TDD Physical Layer Procedures 421
13.3 UTRA TDD Interference Evaluation 425
13.3.1 TDD–TDD Interference 425
13.3.2 TDD and FDD Co-existence 426
13.3.3 Unlicensed TDD Operation 429
13.3.4 Conclusions on UTRA TDD Interference 429
13.4 HSDPA Operation with TDD 430
13.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Outlook on UTRA TDD 431
References 431
xii WCDMA for UMTS
14 cdma2000 433
Antti Toskala
14.1 Introduction 433
14.2 Logical Channels 435
14.2.1 Physical Channels 435
14.3 Multicarrier Mode Spreading and Modulation 436
14.3.1 Uplink Spreading and Modulation 436
14.3.2 Downlink Spreading and Modulation 436
14.4 User Data Transmission 438
14.4.1 Uplink Data Transmission 438
14.4.2 Downlink Data Transmission 439
14.4.3 Channel Coding for User Data 440
14.5 Signalling 441
14.5.1 Pilot Channel 441
14.5.2 Synch Channel 441
14.5.3 Broadcast Channel 441
14.5.4 Quick Paging Channel 442
14.5.5 Common Power Control Channel 442
14.5.6 Common and Dedicated Control Channels 442
14.5.7 Random Access Channel (RACH) for Signalling Transmission 442
14.6 Physical Layer Procedures 442
14.6.1 Power Control Procedure 442
14.6.2 Cell Search Procedure 443
14.6.3 Random Access Procedure 443
14.6.4 Handover Measurements Procedure 444
References 445

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